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The price of anything is the amount of life you spend on it. -Thoreau
The Hammer Molds the Hand
There are many ways to live in a yurt. Some yurt-dwellers commute to real jobs every day. Others escape to the yurt for a few weeks in the summer, or to a backyard yurt for a few nights a week. For us, yurt living with four people (two of them quite young) meant day and night, summer and winter. That’s not to say we spent twenty-four hours a day within the bounds of a twenty-foot circle. The yurt became just one of the rooms in our “house”—the others included the barnyard, shop, field, and woods. The yurt was simply the room we knew was always warm and dry, bug-free, and lit at night. Whether the yurt created my way of life, or the other way round, I've never quite figured it out.
Yurt living, and homesteading in general, is profoundly place-specific. Despite their origins in central Asia—an area with dry climate and flat unforested steppes—our yurts work well in rural New England. By comparison, the tipi is much harder to keep warm in winter because the high cone funnels heat out and lets the rain in. Wigwams and earth lodges are a bit rustic even for those of us willing to rough it: though I know those who live in them, they can be dark and cramped. Camper trailers may be lacking in insulation and elegance. A yurt, on the other hand, is nice enough to spend a few years in while creating a forever home, but not so comfy the house never gets completed.
HEATING
The first question I’m always asked is, “How do you stay warm in New Hampshire winters?” Answer: In a T-shirt with an airtight woodstove and two to three cords of dry firewood. In a twenty-foot yurt, you're never more than seven or so feet from the central stove. By building our own wood-and-polycarbonate central skylights, we are able to have the stove and stovepipe in the center: heating the yurt evenly, creating the feeling of a larger space, and serving as the center of yurt life . . . providing warmth and food for more than half the year. A lightweight sheet steel stove (as long as it’s airtight) is better than a more expensive fancy one with lots of thermal mass. Some of the best are the Tempwood stoves (once made in Massachusetts but now only found used) and Three Dog stoves in Minnesota. A stove should heat up the yurt quickly when you get home at the end of a cold day. No one wants to wait around for hours shivering in boots and a coat.
By burning a slow fire (hence the need for dry firewood: it doesn’t create creosote) and blocking up any drafts, you can be toasty all winter. The first serious snowfall (around Christmas most years here) adds additional natural insulation. By raking the snow off the roof before it melts, you create a warm layer of insulation all around the base of the yurt. When the yurt is up to temp, let the fire slowly purr along day and night. Heating thousands of cubic feet of space is entirely different than heating the tens of thousands commonly found in a typical American house. Heat gain radiating from the woodstove becomes key, and R-value (a measure of heat loss due to conduction) becomes relatively less important. As long as heat loss due to convection (i.e. drafts) are sealed up, the heat radiated by the stove keeps you warm.
While there certainly are other types of fuel, almost no one lives through the winter here with anything other than a woodburning stove. Burning it requires no electric apparatus. The carbon that goes up the chimney is re-sequestered within a few years by saplings struggling up in the forest openings created by the trees cut for cordwood. Firewood is free, abundant, and simple. It smells good and feels good to touch.
PLUMBING AND CODES
So where do you go to the bathroom in a yurt? For us, the answer is in the humanure outhouse. Here’s a tip: Build the outhouse a little bigger than necessary (say, 6 feet by 8 feet) and it will become attic, garage, and cellar since the yurt lacks these. For more information on outhouses and composting poop, check out the “Humanure Handbook” by Joe Jenkins.
If heat and bathrooms are easy, the water question is anything but. Creating a system to deliver running hot water any time of day or year is the holy grail of the New England homestead system. Creating one that doesn’t freeze, leak, or get chewed through by beavers (please don’t ask) is even better. My answer is don’t create one, create two. In the summer, water stores easily. In the winter it is easily heated on the constantly-burning stove, but it will freeze if left out. I’ve tried dozens of water systems and they all have pros and cons. Hauling buckets by yoke, sled, cart, tractor, car, or hand from springs, ponds, or the neighbor’s bathtub is simple. It does, however, get old, especially when washing cloth diapers by hand. Rainwater catchment systems off the yurt roof can provide lots of water (in summer, of course) for the dirty diaper task, but the water is too full of tree tannins and acid rain to drink or cook with. A garden hose run from a neighbor’s spigot will work half of the year. It can even be hooked up to a sink in the yurt or an outdoor kitchen. Just remember to transition to the winter system before the first hard frost and don’t run the pipe through any beaver ponds.
Water regulations vary state by state. In New Hampshire specifically, if the water is moving on its own accord into the yurt, a septic system and leach field are necessary. Beyond the question of wasting fertility (dishwater is full of phosphates plants love) and giving possible pathogens a vector to spread in a giant tank of potable water, septic systems are very costly (more than the entire yurt). Plus, the look of a big sand mound just to accept the drinking water you're polluting seems hardly worth it. Connect a 1-1/2" PVC pipe from the bottom of the dry sink, out the bottom of the yurt at the side, and into a patch of weeds or mulch. Don’t include a trap anywhere because it will freeze in winter and isn’t necessary.
While water regulations tend to be statewide, building codes are usually town-by-town. Codes may cover size restrictions, insulation, roof strength, fire rating, wind loads, and much more. Each yurt-owner’s experience getting a structure permitted can vary widely. The good news is few municipalities tax temporary portable structures, including yurts. The bad news is that most building inspectors have never even heard of one. Also, check out the late Becky Kemery’s site.
ELECTRICITY AND REFRIGERATION
All the important needs can be accomplished with a few-hundred watt photovoltaic system or a very long extension cord. (you can run a low amperage system hundreds of yards with very tiny wire if you start with this useful tidbit: voltage drop is proportional to distance run).
The most basic summer yurt refrigerator is the styrofoam cooler with half-gallon plastic jugs of ice swapped out every other day into the neighbor’s chest freezer. In winter, the fridge is the cool spot on the floor beneath the sink, and the freezer is a snowbank just outside the door.
Running a small, energy efficient fridge requires a medium-sized photovoltaic system. The best part of this system is that most power is being made when you need it most in the heat of the summer. The worst part is that solar panels don't work in the trees.
THE FRAME AND FLOOR
Most yurt frames are built from sawn wood. When I created my first yurt I couldn’t afford to buy lumber, but had my grandfather's small axe and access to a woodlot. I set out to craft the rafters and lattice wall from small-diameter saplings, which we continue to do to this day. The wiggly unmilled wood makes each yurt unique. Because the local hardwoods I use are naturally very strong, our yurts don’t have to be reinforced for snow.
In our moist New England climate, a year-round yurt should be set on a wooden platform. This platform does not need to be built on a frost-proof foundation. If there is not too much of a slope, it can be set on blocks, which rest directly on the ground. My favorite way is to build the substructure of carry beams and joists with green rough-sawn Eastern hemlock from a local sawmill. It is natural, renewable, plentiful (therefore inexpensive), super strong, and moderately rot-proof. Kept a foot or so off the ground—and not over a wet area—it will last for decades. Pressure-treated wood is a more conventional way to go. Kiln-dried lumber rots quickly under a yurt.
If one-inch boards are put down two layers thick over joists placed every two feet, the floor will be plenty strong and stiff. Installing a quarter-inch layer of foil-faced bubblewrap type insulation—or even just some 4-mil poly—in between layers will keep out the draft. With regard to insulation, the key is to stop drafts from coming through the floor. Heat rises, so put more energy into insulating above than below. One last thing: Don’t build the floor bigger than the circle of the yurt, or the rain will flow right in.
Our twenty-six-year old 6'x8' outhouse. It holds the poop bucket with plenty of shelving room. I slept on a bottom shelf for a few months when Fern was a newborn. She's quieter now.
See the FAQ page for more on plumbing, outhouses, and codes.
COVER MATERIALS
In an ideal world, I’d always build yurts out of natural, local, ethical, nontoxic, low-carbon footprinted, renewable, long-lasting, beautiful, inexpensive, and functional materials. For the cover, functionality means keeping out weather, keeping in heat, resisting UV breakdown, and resisting flame. To get all these qualities is impossible, so I compromise. While slate makes just about the perfect roof, it lacks portability. So we compromise. Canvas is probably the most natural, beautiful, inexpensive yurt material, but it fails most of the other criteria. Even treated to resist UV, mildew, moisture, and flame, canvas will begin to deteriorate after three years if left up year-round. In New England, heavy-duty vinyl is a better option in many ways, and will last twenty years or more. Thrifty DIY’ers may cover their yurt with used or unprinted billboard vinyl, which is fairly inexpensive and watertight for roughly five years if not moved in the cold (it cracks) or exposed to sparks (it burns). The final consideration for a cover is breathability. Canvas breathes and so do some woven vinyls, but most laminated fabrics do not. To avoid condensation, don’t pair a non-breathable outer cover with a breathable inner layer.
Almost always your best bet is to include a vapor barrier. The problem is the simple fact that water vapor condenses to a liquid when the temperature drops to the 'dew point'. Warm air can hold more vapor in suspension. If your insulation is breathable, that air with its moisture is traveling back and forth. In winter it's dry outside (because the cold air can't hold much moisture) and moist inside (exhalations and cooking). So at some point in the insulation layer the warm moist air will condense. Wool felt insulation, for example, can hold many times its weight in sogginess.
If the outer cover is breathable, and the condensation can keep migrating to the outside, it can disperse in the dry air by evaporation (or sublimation below freezing). But the outer layer on your yurt can be either short-lived (eg. cotton, some woven vinyls) or breathable. Not both. There is no durable breathable fabric. So I always put a vapor barrier on the inside. Foil-faced bubblewrap does this and insulates as well.
Q: How much power does your solar kit supply?
A: "How much power it supplies" is a tricky question with solar power. You've got a few different things to determine:
1. How much power it can give at once (the size of the inverter)
2. How much power it can store (the size of the battery), and
3. How much power it can make when the sun's out (the size of the panel array).
#1 is pretty obvious: size your inverter to meet your biggest simultaneous load situation. #2 and 3 work together to determine how much power you'll have between Dec and February. More panels will make more power during the limited sunny stretches. But if your batteries are too small, all that energy cannot be stored (though it can be used at the moment it's made, like charging another [phone, computer...] battery, or heating or whatever). A bigger battery will allow you to last longer during cloudy stretches. But if your panel array is too small, that battery will often fail to fully charge in winter, so the extra battery size is essentially wasted. So the panels and battery need to relate to each other, while the inverter size is basically separate.
What to do: figure out all these things. Add up how much wattage you use in a day (#2)? How much do you use at once (#!)? and How much will your panels make on an average winter day at your site (#3)? Then plug them into a solar calculator with your location. There are many solar calculators online.
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